the flow experience does not occur when quizlet

The premature destruction of red blood cells may result in low levels of circulating red blood cells (hemolytic anemia) that is made worse by the underlying bone marrow dysfunction.Ĭhronic hemolysis is central to all the symptoms and physical findings associated with PNH. Hemolysis is ongoing, but may worsen (i.e., a person may have a hemolytic episode) during periods of infection, trauma or stress. Hemoglobin is excreted from the body in the urine, resulting in the dark-colored or blood colored urine (hemoglobinuria) that is characteristic of this disorder. When hemolysis occurs, a red blood cell’s outer wall (membrane) breaks down (lysis) releasing hemoglobin. Hemolysis may result in hemoglobin in the urine, although many individuals with hemolysis do not have visible hemoglobin in the urine. The premature destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis) is the primary clinical finding associated with PNH. Affected individuals should talk to their physician and medical team about their specific case, associated symptoms and overall prognosis. It is important to note that affected individuals may not have all of the symptoms discussed below. Some individuals may have mild symptoms that remain stable for many years others may have serious symptoms that can progress to cause life-threatening complications. The specific symptoms and progression of the disorder vary greatly from one person to another. The symptoms of PNH occur because of the production of defective blood cells and because the bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells. The specific symptoms of PNH vary greatly from one person to another and affected individuals usually do not exhibit all of the symptoms associated with the disorder. Severe bone marrow dysfunction results in low levels of red and white blood cells and platelets (pancytopenia). Affected individuals also have some degree of underlying bone marrow dysfunction. In addition to hemolysis, individuals with PNH are also susceptible to developing repeated, potentially life-threatening blood clots (thromboses). Hemoglobin in the urine may not always be visible to the eye. However, hemolysis in individuals with PNH is a constant process (i.e., it does not occur only at night). This finding is most prominent in the morning, after the urine has concentrated overnight during sleep. Individuals with hemoglobinuria may exhibit dark-colored or blood colored urine. Hemoglobin is the red, iron-rich, oxygen-containing pigment of the blood. The destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis) by complement leads to episodes of hemoglobin in the urine (hemoglobinuria). These defective red blood cells of PNH are extremely susceptible to premature destruction by a particular part of a person’s own immune system called the complement system. Some hematopoietic stem cells in individuals with PNH are defective and consequently produce defective blood cells. These cells grow and eventually develop into red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Hematopoietic stem cells are created in the bone marrow, the spongy center of the long bones of the body. It is an acquired hematopoietic stem cell disorder. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare disorder in which red blood cells break apart prematurely. 5 Myths About Orphan Drugs and the Orphan Drug Act.Information on Clinical Trials and Research Studies.

The flow experience does not occur when quizlet